Learning Objectives

In this module you will learn how the troposphere (lowest 10 kilometers) affects radar and communication systems in the Very High Frequency (VHF), Ultra High Frequency (UHF) and Extremely High Frequency (EHF or microwave) bands.

Module Topics

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• 3.1 Basic Meteorology and Principles of Refraction
• 3.2 Types of Ducts
• 3.3 Ducting Formation Mechanisms
• 3.4 Skip Zones, Holes, and Interference Patterns
• 3.5 Refraction Climatology - Large Scale Effects
• 3.6 Synoptic Scale Refraction Effects
• 3.7 Mesoscale and Local (small-scale) Refraction Effects