8.3 Treatment of Pressure Gradient Force (Reduced Gravity)

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8.1 Model Features

8.2 Model Assumptions

8.3 Treatment of Pressure Gradient Force (Reduced Gravity)

8.4 Model Formulation

8.5 Grid and Finite Difference Scheme

8.6 Lateral Boundary Conditions

8.7 External Forcing Input

8.8 Data Assimilation & Rapid Transition (DART)

8.9 Model/Data Comparison

8.10 Success and Weakness

8.11 Future Improvements

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2.2 Ocean Modeling Evolution

2.3 Operational Naval Ocean Prediction

2.4 Advances in NOMP Program

CHAPTER 3 THE NAVY'S OCEAN DATA SYSTEMS

• 3.1 World Ocean Bathymetry Database (NAVO DBDB5, DBDBX)
• 3.2 World Coastline Database (from NAVO DBDB5)
• 3.3 Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Data (MOODS)
• 3.4 Global Ocean Climatological Data System (GDEM, NODC, COADS)
• 3.5 Ocean Satellite Data System (TOPEX/Poseidon, MCSST, ...)
• 3.6 Global Ocean Tidal Data System

CHAPTER 4 THE NAVY'S ATMOSPHERIC PREDICTION SYSTEMS

• 4.1 Two Types of Atmospheric Forcing
• 4.2 Wind Forcing
  • 4.2.1 Surface Wind Stress Climatology
  • 4.2.2 Synoptic Surface Wind Data
• 4.3 Thermal Forcing
  • 4.3.1 Bulk Parameterization Scheme for Air-Sea Flux Computation
  • 4.3.2 Synoptic Surface Flux Data
• 4.4 The Navy's Operational Global/Regional Atmospheric Prediction
• System (NOGAPS/NORAPS)
• 4.5 Satellite Capability for Estimating Atmospheric Forcing

CHAPTER 5 THE NAVY'S DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM

• 5.1 Components of Data Assimilation System
• 5.2 The Navy's Multivariate Optimum Interpolation Analysis System
• (MVOI)
• 5.3 Difference between Simulation and Prediction
• 5.4 Model Initialization

CHAPTER 6 THE NAVY'S Modular Ocean Data Assimilation SYSTEM (MODAS)

• 6.1 General Features of MODAS
• 6.2 Optimum Interpolation (OI) Technique
• 6.3 Sea Surface Temperature Analysis
• 6.4 Ocean Mixed Layer Analysis
• 6.5 Sub Mixed Layer Analysis
• 6.6 Quality Control Algorithm
• 6.7 MODAS Products and Applications
• 6.8 Effect of Correlation Scales on MODAS Products
• 6.9 Success, Weakness, and Future Improvement

CHAPTER 7 THE NAVY'S THERMODYNAMIC OCEAN PREDICTION SYSTEM (TOPS)

• 7.1 Major Features
• 7.2 Model Assumptions
• 7.3 Separation of Velocity Fields
• 7.4 Model Formulation
• 7.5 The Level-2 Turbulent Closure
• 7.6 Grid and Finite Difference Scheme
• 7.7 Initial Conditions
• 7.8 Boundary Conditions
• 7.9 TOPS Products
• 7.10 Success and Weakness
• 7.11 P-Vector Method for Relaxing the Level of No Motion Assumption

CHAPTER 8 THE NAVY'S GLOBAL OCEAN CIRCULATION PREDICTION SYSTEM (FNMOC OCEANS/DART)

• 8.1 Model Features
• 8.2 Model Assumptions
• 8.3 Treatment of Pressure Gradient Force (Reduced Gravity)
• 8.4 Model Formulation
• 8.5 Grid and Finite Difference Scheme
• 8.6 Lateral Boundary Conditions
• 8.7 External Forcing Input
• 8.8 Data Assimilation & Rapid Transition (DART)
• 8.9 Model/Data Comparison
• 8.10 Success and Weakness
• 8.11 Future Improvements

CHAPTER 9 THE NAVY'S SHALLOW WATER ANALYSIS AND FORECAST SYSTEM (SWAFS)

• 9.1 The Navy's Interest in Shallow Water Prediction
• 9.2 Differences between Deep and Shallow Water
• 9.3 Difficulties in Shallow Water Modeling
• 9.4 Model Features
• 9.5 Model Assumptions
• 9.6 Model Formulation
• 9.7 Observational Data Input
• 9.8 Numerical Integration
• 9.9 Persian Gulf Prediction
• 9.10 Recent Research and Development (SPEM, HOPS)
• 9.11 Success, Weakness, and Future Improvements

CHAPTER 10 THE NAVY'S POLAR ICE PREDICTION SYSTEM (PIPS)

• 10.1 Major Components of PIPS
• 10.2 Model Physics
• 10.3 Model Assumptions
• 10.4 Data Input and Output
• 10.5 Sea Ice Prediction for Northern Hemisphere
• 10.6 Success, Weakness, and Improvements
• 10.7 Coupled Ice?Ocean Prediction System

CHAPTER 11 THE NAVY'S GLOBAL WAVE PREDICTION SYSTEM

• 11.1 Wave Spectrum
• 11.2 Wave Transport Equation
• 11.3 Wave Growth
• 11.4 Wave Dissipation
• 11.5 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interactions
• 11.6 Wave Propagation
• 11.7 The Navy's WAM Products

CHAPTER 12 THE NAVY'S SHIPBOARD PREDICTION SYSTEM (R & D)

• 12.1 The Navy's Interest in Shipboard Prediction
• 12.2 Procedures of Shipboard Prediction
• 12.3 Environmental Acoustic Coupling
• 12.4 The Navy's MODAS System
• 12.5 Case Studies
• 12.6 Strength, weakness, and Future Improvement

CHAPTER 13 THE NAVY'S COUPLED ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN PREDICTION SYSTEM

• 13.1 The Coupling Problems
• 13.2 The Coupled NOGAPS/TOPS System
• 13.3 Strength, Weakness, and Future Improvement

CHAPTER 14 THE NAVY'S MODEL EVALUATION PROGRAM

• 14.1 Data Preparation
• 14.2 Standards for Model Assessment
• 14.3 Software Developments for Model Evaluation
• 14.4 Data Assimilation and Model Evaluation Experiment (DAMEE) Gulf Stream
• 14.5 DAMEE North Atlantic

CHAPTER 15 USE OF THE NAVY'S METOC SYSTEMS FOR THE MILITARY DECISION MAKING

• 15.1 Case Studies
• 15.2 METOC Systems for Routine Fleet Mission
• 15.3 METOC Systems for Littoral Zone Warfare
• 15.4 METOC Systems for Undersea Warfare
• 15.5 METOC Systems for Mine Detection and Counter Measurement

MOODS Data Set

Lab 2 Establishment of Gridded Data from Observed Profiles

Lab 3 Atmospheric Forcing Computed from the NOGAPS/NORAPS Data

Lab 4 The MODAS Temperature and Salinity Fields

Lab 5 Predicting Ocean Mixed Layer Features by TOPS

Lab 6 The South China Sea Prediction by SWAFS

Lab 7 Shipboard Ocean Analysis and Prediction

Lab 8 Wave Prediction by the Navy's WAM

Lab 9 Arctic Ice Prediction by PIPS

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