13.1 The Coupling Problems

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13.1 The Coupling Problems

13.2 The Coupled NOGAPS/TOPS System

13.3 Strength, Weakness, and Future Improvement

he Navy's MODAS System

12.5 Case Studies

12.6 Strength, weakness, and Future Improvement

00000000000000">1.4 Data Acquisition System

1.5 Elements of Naval METOC Systems

CHAPTER 2 THE NAVY OCEAN MODELING AND

PREDICTION (NOMP) PROGRAM

• 2.1 Objectives of NOMP
• 2.2 Ocean Modeling Evolution
• 2.3 Operational Naval Ocean Prediction
• 2.4 Advances in NOMP Program

CHAPTER 3 THE NAVY'S OCEAN DATA SYSTEMS

• 3.1 World Ocean Bathymetry Database (NAVO DBDB5, DBDBX)
• 3.2 World Coastline Database (from NAVO DBDB5)
• 3.3 Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Data (MOODS)
• 3.4 Global Ocean Climatological Data System (GDEM, NODC, COADS)
• 3.5 Ocean Satellite Data System (TOPEX/Poseidon, MCSST, ...)
• 3.6 Global Ocean Tidal Data System

CHAPTER 4 THE NAVY'S ATMOSPHERIC PREDICTION SYSTEMS

• 4.1 Two Types of Atmospheric Forcing
• 4.2 Wind Forcing
  • 4.2.1 Surface Wind Stress Climatology
  • 4.2.2 Synoptic Surface Wind Data
• 4.3 Thermal Forcing
  • 4.3.1 Bulk Parameterization Scheme for Air-Sea Flux Computation
  • 4.3.2 Synoptic Surface Flux Data
• 4.4 The Navy's Operational Global/Regional Atmospheric Prediction
• System (NOGAPS/NORAPS)
• 4.5 Satellite Capability for Estimating Atmospheric Forcing

CHAPTER 5 THE NAVY'S DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM

• 5.1 Components of Data Assimilation System
• 5.2 The Navy's Multivariate Optimum Interpolation Analysis System
• (MVOI)
• 5.3 Difference between Simulation and Prediction
• 5.4 Model Initialization

CHAPTER 6 THE NAVY'S Modular Ocean Data Assimilation SYSTEM (MODAS)

• 6.1 General Features of MODAS
• 6.2 Optimum Interpolation (OI) Technique
• 6.3 Sea Surface Temperature Analysis
• 6.4 Ocean Mixed Layer Analysis
• 6.5 Sub Mixed Layer Analysis
• 6.6 Quality Control Algorithm
• 6.7 MODAS Products and Applications
• 6.8 Effect of Correlation Scales on MODAS Products
• 6.9 Success, Weakness, and Future Improvement

CHAPTER 7 THE NAVY'S THERMODYNAMIC OCEAN PREDICTION SYSTEM (TOPS)

• 7.1 Major Features
• 7.2 Model Assumptions
• 7.3 Separation of Velocity Fields
• 7.4 Model Formulation
• 7.5 The Level-2 Turbulent Closure
• 7.6 Grid and Finite Difference Scheme
• 7.7 Initial Conditions
• 7.8 Boundary Conditions
• 7.9 TOPS Products
• 7.10 Success and Weakness
• 7.11 P-Vector Method for Relaxing the Level of No Motion Assumption

CHAPTER 8 THE NAVY'S GLOBAL OCEAN CIRCULATION PREDICTION SYSTEM (FNMOC OCEANS/DART)

• 8.1 Model Features
• 8.2 Model Assumptions
• 8.3 Treatment of Pressure Gradient Force (Reduced Gravity)
• 8.4 Model Formulation
• 8.5 Grid and Finite Difference Scheme
• 8.6 Lateral Boundary Conditions
• 8.7 External Forcing Input
• 8.8 Data Assimilation & Rapid Transition (DART)
• 8.9 Model/Data Comparison
• 8.10 Success and Weakness
• 8.11 Future Improvements

CHAPTER 9 THE NAVY'S SHALLOW WATER ANALYSIS AND FORECAST SYSTEM (SWAFS)

• 9.1 The Navy's Interest in Shallow Water Prediction
• 9.2 Differences between Deep and Shallow Water
• 9.3 Difficulties in Shallow Water Modeling
• 9.4 Model Features
• 9.5 Model Assumptions
• 9.6 Model Formulation
• 9.7 Observational Data Input
• 9.8 Numerical Integration
• 9.9 Persian Gulf Prediction
• 9.10 Recent Research and Development (SPEM, HOPS)
• 9.11 Success, Weakness, and Future Improvements

CHAPTER 10 THE NAVY'S POLAR ICE PREDICTION SYSTEM (PIPS)

• 10.1 Major Components of PIPS
• 10.2 Model Physics
• 10.3 Model Assumptions
• 10.4 Data Input and Output
• 10.5 Sea Ice Prediction for Northern Hemisphere
• 10.6 Success, Weakness, and Improvements
• 10.7 Coupled Ice?Ocean Prediction System

CHAPTER 11 THE NAVY'S GLOBAL WAVE PREDICTION SYSTEM

• 11.1 Wave Spectrum
• 11.2 Wave Transport Equation
• 11.3 Wave Growth
• 11.4 Wave Dissipation
• 11.5 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interactions
• 11.6 Wave Propagation
• 11.7 The Navy's WAM Products

CHAPTER 12 THE NAVY'S SHIPBOARD PREDICTION SYSTEM (R & D)

• 12.1 The Navy's Interest in Shipboard Prediction
• 12.2 Procedures of Shipboard Prediction
• 12.3 Environmental Acoustic Coupling
• 12.4 The Navy's MODAS System
• 12.5 Case Studies
• 12.6 Strength, weakness, and Future Improvement

CHAPTER 13 THE NAVY'S COUPLED ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN PREDICTION SYSTEM

• 13.1 The Coupling Problems
• 13.2 The Coupled NOGAPS/TOPS System
• 13.3 Strength, Weakness, and Future Improvement

CHAPTER 14 THE NAVY'S MODEL EVALUATION PROGRAM

• 14.1 Data Preparation
• 14.2 Standards for Model Assessment
• 14.3 Software Developments for Model Evaluation
• 14.4 Data Assimilation and Model Evaluation Experiment (DAMEE) Gulf Stream
• 14.5 DAMEE North Atlantic

CHAPTER 15 USE OF THE NAVY'S METOC SYSTEMS FOR THE MILITARY DECISION MAKING

• 15.1 Case Studies
• 15.2 METOC Systems for Routine Fleet Mission
• 15.3 METOC Systems for Littoral Zone Warfare
• 15.4 METOC Systems for Undersea Warfare
• 15.5 METOC Systems for Mine Detection and Counter Measurement

LABS

• Lab 1 NAVY 's MOODS Data Set
• Lab 2 Establishment of Gridded Data from Observed Profiles
• Lab 3 Atmospheric Forcing Computed from the NOGAPS/NORAPS Data
• Lab 4 The MODAS Temperature and Salinity Fields
• Lab 5 Predicting Ocean Mixed Layer Features by TOPS
• Lab 6 The South China Sea Prediction by SWAFS
• Lab 7 Shipboard Ocean Analysis and Prediction
• Lab 8 Wave Prediction by the Navy's WAM
• Lab 9 Arctic Ice Prediction by PIPS
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